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Natural Products:

Commonly used Chinese Medicine 常用中藥材

天然產物例子: 中文進入

Examples of Natural Products

藥類 (可以藥類搜索分類) 功效 應用 禁忌
解表藥 發散表邪,解除表証為主。辛散輕揚,主入肺、膀胱經,偏行肌表,促進肌體發汗,使表邪由汗出而解。其在皮者,汗而發之。發汗解表,兼利尿退腫、止咳平喘、透疹、止痛、消瘡。 惡寒、發熱、頭痛、身痛、無汗或有汗不暢、脉浮之外感表証。水腫、咳喘、麻疹、風疹、風濕痹痛、瘡瘍初起等而兼有表証。冬多風寒、春多風熱、夏多夾濕、秋多兼燥。(發散風寒、風熱、袪暑、化濕、潤燥)虛人外感,正虛邪實,難以袪散表邪。(补氣、助阳、滋阴、養血) 較强的解表藥用量不宜過大,發汗太過耗傷阳氣,損及津液。表虛自汗、阴虛盜汗、瘡瘍日久、淋病、失血慎用。春夏腠理疏松,容易發汗,用量宜輕。冬季腠理致密,不易汗出,用量宜重。北方嚴寒用藥宜重,南方炎熱用藥宜輕。多辛散,入湯劑不宜久煎,以免成分揮發。
發散風寒 辛温,辛發散,温袪寒,發散風寒為主。 外怠風寒致惡寒發熱,無汗或汗出不暢,頭痛身痛,口不渴,舌苔薄白,脉浮等風寒表証。痹証、喘咳、水腫、麻疹、瘡瘍初起兼有風寒表証。  
發散風熱 辛涼,發汗解表作用較和緩,辛發散涼袪熱,發散風熱為主。 外感風熱致發熱、微惡風寒、咽干口渴、頭痛目赤、舌苔薄黃、脉浮數。風熱所致目赤多泪、咽喉腫痛、麻疹不透、風熱咳嗽。  
清熱藥 清解里熱為主。寒涼,清熱瀉火、燥濕、涼血、解毒、清虛熱。熱者寒之、疗熱以寒藥。 表邪已解、里熱炽盛而無积滯的里熱病証。外感熱病,高熱煩渴,濕熱泄痢、温毒發斑、痈腫瘡毒、阴虛發熱。實熱証(清熱瀉火、清營涼血、氣血兩清),虛熱証(清熱涼血、養阴透熱、滋阴清熱涼血除蒸),兼有表証(先解表后清里,或解表同用),里熱积滯(瀉下)。 寒涼易傷脾胃,凡脾胃氣虛,食少便溏慎用。熱証易傷津液,苦寒藥易化燥傷阴,阴虛慎用。阴盛格阳、真寒假熱禁用。
清熱瀉火 清氣分邪熱為主。 熱病邪入氣分而高熱、口渴、汗出、煩躁、神昏譫語、脉象洪大等氣分實熱証。肺熱、胃熱、心火、肝火等引起脏腑火熱証。體虛而有里熱。(补虛)  
清熱燥濕 苦燥濕,寒清熱,清熱燥濕,清熱瀉火。兼瀉火解毒。 濕熱証,火熱証。濕温或暑濕夾濕,因濕熱蘊結,氣机不暢,而身熱不揚、胸膈痞悶、小便短赤、舌苔黃膩;濕熱蘊結脾胃,升降失常,致痞滿吐利;濕熱壅滯大腸,傳導失织,見泄瀉、痢疾、痔漏腫痛;濕熱蘊蒸肝胆,黃疸尿赤、耳腫流膿;濕熱下注,帶下色黃,或熱淋灼痛;濕熱流注關節,關節紅腫熱痛;濕熱浸淫肌膚,濕疹、濕瘡;諸脏火熱証。熱証火証及痈腫瘡毒。(清熱瀉火、清熱解毒) 苦寒多代胃,性燥多傷阴,用量不宜過大。脾胃虛寒,津傷阴亏慎用。(健胃養阴同用)
清熱解毒 清解熱毒或火毒。清熱瀉火中更長解毒。 熱毒炽盛証。痈腫疔瘡、丹毒、瘟毒發斑、痄腮、咽喉腫痛、熱毒下痢、虫蛇咬傷、癌腫、水火燙傷、急性熱病。熱毒在血分(清熱涼血),火熱炽盛(清熱瀉火),挾有濕邪(利濕、燥濕、化濕),瘡痈、咽喉腫痛。(外用藥)熱毒瀉痢,里急后重,(活血行氣)瘡瘍屬虛(补氣養血托瘡)。 藥性寒涼,中病即止,不可連服,以免傷脾胃。
清熱涼血 甘苦咸寒,咸入血,寒清熱,多歸心、肝經。清解營分、血分熱邪。清熱涼血,又滋養阴液。(生地玄參) 營分、血分實熱証。温熱病熱入營分,熱灼營阴,心神被扰,症見舌絳、身熱夜甚、心煩不寐、脉細數,甚則神昏譫語、斑疹隐隐;邪陷心包,神昏譫語、舌蹇肢厥、舌質紅降;熱入血分,熱盛迫血,心神扰亂,見舌色深絳、吐血衄血、尿血便血、斑疹紫暗、躁扰不安,甚或昏狂。血熱出血証。氣血兩燔。(清熱瀉火)  
清虛熱 清虛熱,退骨蒸。(清熱涼血、清熱養阴:生地玄參鱉甲龟板) 肝腎阴虛,虛火內扰致骨蒸潮熱,午后發熱,手足心熱,虛煩不寐,盜汗遺精、舌紅少苔、脉細數。温熱病后期,邪熱未盡,傷阴劫液致夜熱早涼、熱退無汗、舌質紅降、脉細數。  
瀉下藥 引起腹瀉,或潤滑大腸,促進排便。主瀉下通便,排除胃腸积滯、燥屎及有害物質(毒、瘀、虫);或清熱瀉火,使實熱壅滯之邪通過瀉下而清解;或逐水退腫,使水濕停飲隨從大小便排除,而袪除停飲,消退水腫。 大便秘結,胃腸积滯,實熱內結及水腫停飲等里實証。里實而正虛(补益), 里實兼表邪,當先解表后攻里,必要時可與解表藥同用,表里双解,以免表邪內陷。攻下、峻下逐水藥其作用猛,或有毒性,易傷正氣及脾胃,故年老體虛、脾胃虛弱慎用,婦女胎前產后及經期應當忌用。作用較强瀉下藥,當效即止,慎勿過劑,免傷胃氣。峻猛而有毒性瀉下藥,要嚴格炮制,控制用量,免中毒。
攻下 多苦寒,性沉降,主入胃、大腸經,較强瀉下通便,并清熱瀉火。加强瀉下及消脹滿(行氣藥)。無論有無便秘,以清實熱導熱下行,釜底抽薪。攻逐积滯,消除病因。腸道寄生虫病(驅虫藥)。 大便秘結,燥屎堅結及實熱积滯。冷积便秘(温里)。較强清熱瀉火的攻下藥-->熱病高熱神昏、譫語發狂;火熱上炎所致頭痛、目赤、咽喉腫痛、牙齦腫痛、火熱炽盛致吐血、衄血、咯血等上部出血証。痢疾初起,下痢后重,或飲食积滯,瀉而不暢。(配用)胆石症、胆道蛔虫症、胆囊炎、急性胰腺炎、腸硬阻等急腹症。(清熱解毒、活血袪瘀)  
潤下 多為植物種子/仁,富含油脂,味甘質潤,多入脾、大腸經,能潤滑大腸,使大便軟化易于排出。瓜蒌仁柏子仁杏仁桃仁決明子蜂蜜當歸肉蓯蓉生何首烏均能潤下。 年老津枯、產后血虛、熱病傷津及失血等腸燥津枯便秘。熱盛津傷而便秘(清熱養阴),血虛(补血),兼氣滯(行氣)。  
峻下逐水 苦寒有毒,瀉下作用峻猛,藥后能引起劇烈腹瀉,使體內潴留水液隨大便排出,部分兼利尿。 水腫、臌脹、胸胁停飲等正氣未衰之証。 有毒而力峻,易于損傷正氣,中病則止,不可久服。體虛孕婦忌用。對水腫臌脹屬邪實正虛,要注意固護正氣,先补后攻,或攻补兼施。注意炮制劑量用法禁忌。
袪風温藥 袪風寒濕邪,主解除痹痛。袪風散寒除濕。部分有舒筋活絡、止痛、强筋骨。酒劑能增强袪風濕功效。 風寒濕邪致肌肉、經絡、筋骨、關節等處疼痛、重着、麻木、關節腫大、筋脉拘挛、屈伸不利。風邪偏盛的行痹(善能袪風袪風濕藥、佐活血養血),濕邪偏重的着痹(温燥袪風濕藥、佐燥濕、利濕健脾)寒邪偏重的痛痹(散寒止痛袪風濕藥,佐通阳温經活血),郁久化熱、關節紅腫,(寒涼袪風濕藥,佐涼血清熱)感邪初期,病邪在表,(解表)病邪入里,肝腎虛損,腰膝酸軟無力,(强筋骨袪風濕藥,补肝腎)久病體虛,抗病力不足。(补益氣血) 性多燥,易耗傷阴血,阴虛血亏慎用。
袪風濕散寒 辛苦温,入肝脾腎經。辛袪風苦燥濕温胜寒。袪風濕、散寒止痛、舒筋通絡。 風濕痹痛屬寒。風濕熱痹(清熱)。  
袪風濕清熱 多辛苦寒,入肝脾腎經,辛散苦泄寒清,袪風胜濕,通絡止痛,清熱消腫。 風濕熱痹,關節紅腫熱痛諸症。風寒濕痹。(温經散寒)  
袪風濕强筋骨 多苦甘温,入肝腎經,苦燥,甘温补益,袪風濕、补肝腎、强筋骨。 風濕日久累及肝腎致腰膝酸軟無力、疼痛等風濕痹証。腎虛腰痛、骨痿及中風后遺半身不遂等証。  
化濕藥 氣味芳香,性偏温燥,化濕運脾。芳香醒脾化濕,温燥燥濕健脾。芳香解暑。 濕浊內阻,脾為濕困,運化失常致脘腹痞滿、嘔吐泛酸、大便溏薄、食少體倦、口甘多涎、舌苔白膩。濕温、暑温。脾胃虛弱(补脾健胃),濕阻氣滯、脘腹脹甚,(行氣)寒濕中阻(温里),里濕化熱(清熱燥濕), 多辛温香燥,易于耗氣傷阴,阴虛血燥及氣虛宜慎用。芳香多含揮發油,故入煎劑宜后下,不宜久煎。
利水滲濕藥 通利水道,滲泄水濕。味多甘淡,利水消腫,利尿通淋、利濕退黃。氣行則水行,氣滯則水停。(行氣配伍) 主水濕內停病証。小便不利、水腫、淋証、黃疸、濕瘡、泄瀉、帶下、濕温、濕痹等水濕致各種病証。水腫驟起有表証(宣肺發汗);水腫日久,脾腎阳虛,(温补脾腎)濕熱合邪(清熱),寒濕相并(袪寒),熱傷血絡而尿血(涼血止血),泄瀉、痰飲、濕温、黃疸。(健健、芳香化濕、或清熱燥濕) 易耗傷津液,對阴亏津少、腎虛遺精遺尿,宜慎用或忌用。
利水消腫 性味甘淡平或微寒,淡能滲泄,偏于利水滲濕,使小便通暢,尿量增多,利尿消腫。 水濕內停之水腫、小便不利,泄瀉、痰飲。  
利尿通淋 性味多苦寒,或甘淡而寒性顯著,主入膀胱、腎經。苦降泄、寒清熱,走下焦,尤能清利下焦濕熱,長于利尿通淋。 小便短赤、熱淋、石淋、血淋、膏淋。  
利濕退黃 多苦寒,入脾胃肝胆經,苦泄寒清而利濕、利胆退黃。 濕熱黃疸証。熱盛火旺(清熱瀉火、清熱解毒),濕重(燥濕或化濕),阴黃寒濕偏重(温里)。  
温里藥 温里袪寒。多味辛而性温熱,辛散温通、偏走脏腑而能温里散寒、温經止痛,個別能助阳、回阳。寒者熱之,疗寒以熱藥。主入脾胃經者,能温中散寒止痛。主入肺經者,温肺化飲。主入肝經者,温肝散寒止痛。主入腎經者,温腎助阳。主入心腎兩經,温阳通脉者,回阳救逆。 主里寒証。脾胃受寒或脾胃虛寒証,見脘腹冷痛、嘔吐泄瀉、舌淡苔白。(主入脾胃經者,能温中散寒止痛)肺寒痰飲証,痰鳴咳喘、痰白清稀、舌淡苔白滑。(主入肺經者,温肺化飲)肝經受寒少腹痛、寒疝作痛或厥阴頭痛。(主入肝經者,温肝散寒止痛)腎阳不足証,阳萎宮冷、腰膝冷痛、夜尿頻多、滑精遺尿。心腎阳虛証,心悸怔忡、畏寒肢冷、小便不利、肢體浮腫。(主入腎經者,温腎助阳)亡阳厥逆証,畏寒踡卧、汗出神疲、四肢厥逆、脉微欲絶。(主入心腎兩經,温阳通脉者)外寒內侵,表寒未解。(辛温解表)寒凝經脉、氣滯血瘀。(行氣活血)寒濕內阻(芳香化濕或温燥去濕),脾腎阳虛(温补脾腎),氣虛欲脫(大补元氣)。 多辛熱燥烈,易耗阴助火,凡實熱証、阴虛火旺、津血亏虛忌用,孕婦氣候炎熱慎用。
理氣藥 疏理氣机。多辛苦温而芳香。辛行散,苦疏泄,芳香走窜,温通行,疏理氣机。主歸脾、肝、肺經,理氣健脾、疏肝解郁、理氣寬胸、行氣止痛、破氣散結。 主氣滯或氣逆証。脾胃氣滯致脘腹脹痛、喛氣吞酸、惡心嘔吐、腹瀉或便秘。(理氣健脾)肝氣郁滯致胁肋脹痛、抑郁不樂、疝氣疼痛、乳房脹痛、月經不調。(疏肝解郁)肺氣壅滯致胸悶胸痛,咳嗽氣喘。(理氣寬胸)脾胃氣滯因于飲食积滯(消導藥),因脾胃氣虛(补中益氣),因濕熱阻滯(清熱除濕),因寒濕困脾(苦温燥濕),肝氣郁滯因肝血不足(養血柔肝),因肝經受寒(温肝散寒)。瘀血阻滯(活血袪瘀)。肺氣壅滯因外邪客肺(宣肺解表),因痰飲阻肺(袪痰化飲)。  
消食藥 消积導滯、促進消化。多味甘性平,主歸脾胃二經,功能消化飲食积滯、開胃和中。 主飲食积滯。脘腹脹滿、喛腐吞酸、惡心嘔吐、不思飲食、大便失常等脾胃虛弱的消化不良証。宿食停积、脾胃氣滯,(理氣)脾胃氣虛、運化無力,(健脾益胃)素體脾胃虛寒(温里),兼濕浊中阻(芳香化濕),食积不化(苦寒攻下)。  
驅蟲藥 主驅除驅殺人體寄生虫。多具毒性,入脾胃、大腸經,對人體內寄生虫,特別是腸道內寄生虫,有毒殺、麻痹作用,促使其排出體外。多甘温,既驅虫又健脾和胃、消积化滯。 腸道寄生虫病,如蛔虫、蟯虫、绦虫、鈎虫、姜片虫。繞臍腹痛、不思飲食、善肌多食、嗜食異物,久則出現形體消瘦、面色萎黃、腹大青筋暴露、浮腫等症狀。血吸虫、阴道滴虫。大便秘結(瀉下),兼有积滯(消導滯),脾胃虛弱(健脾和胃)體質虛弱(先补后攻或攻补兼施)。小兒疳积(清疳熱、消积滯)。 一般空腹服用。無瀉下作用的驅虫藥,應加服瀉下藥。應用毒性較大應注意。孕婦、年老體弱慎用。發熱或腹痛劇烈暫不宜驅虫。
止血藥 主制止體內外出血。止血。有寒、温、散、斂之異,有涼血止血、化瘀止血、收斂止血、温經止血。下血必升舉,吐衄必降氣。炒炭后其性苦澀,可加强止血。 內外出血病証。如咯血、咳血、衄血、吐血、便血、尿血、崩漏、紫癜、外傷出血。血熱妄行出血(涼血止血,清熱瀉火、清熱涼血),阴虛火旺,阴虛阳亢出血,(滋阴降火,滋阴濳阳)瘀血內阻,血不循經出血(化瘀止血,行氣活血),虛寒性出血(温經止血,收斂止血,益氣健脾温阳),出血過多,氣隨血脫(急投大补元氣)。-便血、崩漏。(升舉)吐血、衄血。(降氣) 涼血止血、收斂止血,易涼遏戀邪留瘀,出血兼有瘀血不宜單独使用。
涼血止血 寒涼,或苦寒、或甘寒,入血分。清血分之熱而止血 血熱妄行出血証,屬熱者十之八九。血熱夾瘀出血。(化瘀止血,少佐化瘀行氣)急性出血較甚(收斂止血)。 不宜用于虛寒性出血証,經配伍亦可用之。
化瘀止血 既止血,又化瘀,消散瘀血而止血。止血而不留瘀。 瘀血內阻而血不循經之出血証,於血不去則血不歸經而出血不止。跌打損傷、經閉及瘀滯心腹疼痛。  
收斂止血 多澀,或為炭類,或質粘,收斂止血。其性多平,或涼而不寒。 虛寒性出血或熱性出血。出血無瘀者為宜。 其性收斂,有留瘀戀邪之弊,以出血無瘀者為宜,若有瘀血及邪實者慎之。
温經止血 温熱,温內脏,益脾胃,固衝脉而統攝血液,達到温經止血。 脾不統血,衝脉失固之虛寒性出血証。如便血、崩漏、紫癜等,出血日久,色暗淡者。脾不統血(益氣健脾),腎虛衝脉失固(益腎暖宮补攝) 藥性温熱,熱盛火旺之出血証忌用。
活血化瘀藥 主通暢血行,消散瘀血。味多辛苦,主歸肝、心經,入血分,善走散通行,活血化瘀而止痛、調經、破血消癥、疗傷消腫、活血消痈。 遍及內、婦、兒、外、傷。內科之胸、腹、頭諸痛,而痛如針刺,痛處固定;體內之癥瘕积聚;中風后半身不遂,肢體麻木;關節痹痛日久;血証之出血色紫,夾有血块;外傷科之跌扑損傷,瘀腫疼痛,痈腫瘡瘍。一切瘀血阻滯之証。寒凝血瘀(温里散寒),熱搏血分,熱瘀互結,(清熱涼血,瀉火,解毒),風濕痹阻,經脉不通(袪風濕),癥瘕积聚(軟堅散結),久瘀體虛或因虛而瘀(补益)。提高活血袪瘀(理氣)。 易耗血動血,對婦女月經過多及其他出血証無瘀血現象忌用;孕婦慎用或忌用。
活血止痛 多辛行,辛散,活血每兼行氣,有良好止痛作用。 主氣血瘀滯所致痛証,如頭痛、胸胁痛、心腹痛、痛經,產后腹痛,痹痛,跌打損傷瘀痛,其他瘀血証。肝郁血瘀(兼理氣疏肝,疏肝理氣),外傷科痈腫傷痛(兼消腫,活血疗傷、活血消痈),婦女經產諸痛(養血活血調經)。  
活血調經 活血袪瘀,善調暢血脉而調經。女子以肝為先天,多配伍疏肝理氣之品。 婦女月經不調、痛經、經閉、產后瘀滯腹痛之証。瘀血痛証、癥瘕、跌打損傷、瘡痈腫毒。  
活血疗傷 善活血化瘀,消腫止痛,續筋接骨,止血生肌斂瘡。 跌打損傷瘀腫疼痛,骨折筋損,金瘡出血等傷科疾患。其他一般血瘀病証。 因肝主筋、腎主骨,使用治骨折筋損之証,須配补肝腎强筋骨之品,促進骨折傷損愈合复原。
破血消癥 藥性强烈,破血逐瘀消癥积。以虫類藥占多。加强袪瘀消癥(行氣破氣),攻逐瘀血(攻下) 主瘀血程度較重的癥瘕积聚,亦用于血瘀經閉、瘀腫疼痛、偏癱等症。 藥性峻猛,大多有毒,易耗血、動血、耗氣、傷阴,凡出血証,阴血亏虛、氣虛體弱及孕婦當忌用或慎用。
化痰止咳平喘藥 能袪痰或消痰,主治痰証-->化痰。制止或減輕咳嗽和喘息為主-->止咳平喘。痰有寒痰、熱痰、燥痰、濕痰-->温化寒痰與清化熱痰。因咳喘多夾痰,痰多易發咳嗽,故化痰、止咳、平喘三者常配同用。 化痰藥:痰阻于肺之咳喘痰多;痰蒙心窍之昏厥、癲癇;痰蒙清阳之眩暈;肝風夾痰之中風、惊厥;痰阻經絡之肢體麻木,半身不遂,口眼歪斜;痰火互結之瘰疬、癭瘤;痰凝肌肉,流注骨節之阴疽流注。止咳平喘藥:外感、內傷致和種咳嗽和喘息。痰,外感而致(解表散邪),火熱而致(清熱瀉火),里寒(温里散寒),虛勞(补虛),癲癇、惊厥、眩暈、昏迷,(平肝息風、開窍、安神)痰核、瘰疬、癭瘤,(軟堅散結)阴疽流注(温阳通滯散結)。 某些温燥之性强烈的刺激性化痰藥,凡痰中帶血等有出血傾血宜慎用;麻疹初起有表邪之咳嗽,不宜單投止咳藥,當以疏解清宣為主,以免戀邪而致久喘不已及影响麻疹之透發,對收斂性及温燥之藥為所忌。
化痰 温化寒痰藥,藥性多温燥,有温肺袪寒,燥温化痰功;清化熱痰藥,藥性多寒涼,有清化熱痰之功,部分質潤,兼能潤燥,部分味咸,兼軟堅散結。 温化寒痰藥;寒痰、濕痰証,如咳嗽氣喘、痰多色白、苔膩之証。由寒痰、濕痰所致眩暈、肢體麻木、阴疽流注。清化熱痰藥;熱痰証,如咳嗽氣喘,痰黃質稠。潤燥化痰藥;其中痰干稠難咯,唇舌干燥之燥痰証。清熱化痰藥;痰熱痰火所致癲癇、中風惊厥、癭瘤、瘰疬。脾虛則津液不歸正化而聚濕生痰(健脾燥濕),氣滯痰凝(理氣)。 温燥之温化寒痰藥,不宜用于熱痰、燥痰之証;寒涼之清化熱痰藥、潤燥化痰藥則不宜用于寒痰、濕痰証。
止咳平喘 味辛或苦或甘,性或温或寒,止咳平喘也有宣肺、清肺、降肺、斂肺及化痰。有偏止咳、偏平喘、有兼而有。 主治咳喘,有外感內傷,寒熱虛實。 個別麻醉鎮咳定喘藥,因易成癮,易戀邪,用之宜慎。
安神藥 主安定神志。多入心肝二經(心藏神,肝藏魂)。多以礦石、化石或植物的種子入藥,石質量沉降,多重鎮安神,種子質潤滋養,多養心安神。 心神不安病証。心神不宁、惊悸、失眠、健忘、多夢及惊風、癲癇、癲狂。心神不宁,因心火炽盛或邪熱內扰,証見躁動不安、惊悸失眠,多偏于實;阴血不足,心神失養,証見虛煩不眠,心悸怔忡,多偏于虛。心火亢盛(清心降火),痰熱扰心(化痰、清熱),肝阳上亢(平肝潜阳),血瘀氣滯(活血化瘀),血亏阴虛(补血、養阴、養心安神),心脾氣虛(补氣),惊風、癲狂。(伦痰開窍或平肝息風) 礦石類安神藥,如做夕、散服,易傷脾胃,故不宜長期服用,并須酌情配伍養胃健脾之品,入煎劑服,應打碎煎、久煎;部分有毒須慎用。
重鎮安神 多為礦石、化石,具有質重沉降之性,重則能鎮,重可去怯,重鎮安神、平惊定志、平肝潜阳。 心火炽盛、痰火扰心、惊吓等引起的心神不宁、心悸失眠及惊癎、癲狂、肝阳上亢等証。  
養心安神 多為植物種子、種仁,具甘潤滋養之性,滋養心肝,養阴补血,交通心腎。 阴血不足、心脾兩虛、心腎不交等導致的心悸、怔忡、虛煩不眠、健忘多夢等証。  
平肝息風藥 主平肝潜阳,息風止痙。鎮靜、安神。入肝經,多為介類、昆虫等動物及礦物藥, 肝阳上亢或肝風內動病証。肝風內動以肝阳化風多見。(息風止痙藥多兼平肝阳)肝阳上亢(滋養腎阴),肝阳化風之肝風內動(息風止痙藥、平肝潜阳),熱極生風之肝風內動(清熱瀉火),阴血亏虛之肝風內動(补養阴血),兼窍閉神昏(開窍醒神),兼失眠多夢、心神不宁,(安神)兼痰邪(袪痰1),肝火盛(清瀉肝火)。 性偏寒涼或性偏温燥之不同。脾虛慢惊不宜寒涼之品,阴虛血亏忌温燥之品。
平抑肝阳 平抑肝阳。多為質重之介類或礦石類藥物,平肝潜阳或平抑肝阳,清肝熱、安心神。 主肝阳上亢。肝阳上亢之頭暈目眩、頭痛、耳鳴、肝火上攻之面紅目赤、頭痛頭昏、煩躁易怒。肝風內動痙挛抽搐(息風止痙),浮阳上扰之煩躁不眠(安神藥)。  
息風止痙 主平息肝風。(外風宜宣散,內風宜平息)主入肝經,以息肝、止痙挛抽搐為主。 肝風內動,痙厥抽搐。温熱病熱極動風、肝阳化風及血虛生風等所致眩暈欲仆、項强肢顫、痙挛抽搐等証。風阳挾痰,痰熱上扰之癲癎、惊風抽搐;風毒侵襲引動內風之破傷風痙挛抽搐、角弓反張等症。肝阳上亢頭暈目眩及肝火上攻目赤、頭昏等症。(平肝潜阳、清瀉肝火)  
開窍藥 辛香走窜,主開窍醒神。心\藏神,主神明,心窍開通則神明有主,神志清醒,思維敏捷。心窍被阻、清窍被蒙則神明內閉,神識昏迷,人事不省。味辛、芳香,善于走窜,皆入心經,通關開窍、啟閉醒神。 閉証神昏病証。温病熱陷心包、痰浊蒙清窍之神昏譫語。惊風、癲癇、中風等卒然昏厥、痙挛抽搐。神志昏迷,虛則脫証,實即閉証。閉証當通關開窍、醒神回苏。閉証屬寒,面青、身涼、苔白、脉遲。(温里袪寒)閉証屬熱,面紅、身熱、苔黃、脉數。(清熱解毒)閉証神昏兼惊厥抽搐(息風止痙)。 辛香走窜為救急治標之品,且耗傷正氣,宜暫服,不可久用。辛香揮發,內服多不宜入煎劑,只入丸散服。
补虛藥 补益正氣,增强體質,提高抗病能力,治疗虛証為主。补氣藥和补阳藥多性温,屬阳,主振奮衰減的机能,改善或消除因此而引起形衰乏力,畏寒肢冷等証;补血藥和补阴藥多性寒涼或温和,屬阴,主能补充耗損的體液,改善或消除精血津液不足的証候。 氣虛(补氣)、阳虛(补阳)、血虛(补血)、阴虛(补阴)。氣血兩亏,阴阳俱虛。(氣血兼顧或阴阳并补)邪盛正衰或正氣虛弱而病邪未盡。(袪邪)顧護脾胃(健脾消食) 宜作蜜丸、煎膏、片劑、口服液、顆粒劑或酒劑,以便保存和服用。作湯劑應久煎使藥味盡出。凡身體健康,并無虛弱表現,不宜濫用,導致阴阳平衡失調。實邪方盛,正氣未虛,袪邪為要,不宜用,免閉門留寇。
补氣 多甘温或甘平,补益脏腑之氣。 尤以脾、肺氣虛証最顯著。脾主運化,后天之本,氣血生化之源,脾氣虛則神疲乏力,食欲不振,脘腹虛脹,大便溏薄,甚或浮腫、脫肛、脏器下垂。肺司呼吸而主一身之氣,肺氣虛則少氣懶言,語音低微,甚或喘促,易出虛汗。兼見阳虛(补阳),兼見阴虛(补阴)。氣虛不攝的失血、出汗、小便不禁和血虛津亏。(补氣可生血和生津)(止血、斂汗、縮尿、补血、生津同用)  
补阳 味多甘温或咸温或辛熱,温补人體之阳氣。腎阳虛得补,能温煦其他脏腑,而消除或改善全身阳虛諸証。主温补腎阳。其他温脾阳、助心阳。 腎阳不足的怯寒肢冷,腰膝酸軟,性欲淡漠,阳萎早泄,宮冷不孕,尿頻遺尿;腎阳虛而不能納氣的呼多吸少,咳嗽喘促;腎阳衰微,火不生土脾失温運的腹中冷痛,黎明泄瀉;腎阳虛而精髓亦虛的眩暈耳鳴,須髮早白,筋骨痿軟,小兒發育不良,囪門不合,齒遲行遲;腎阳虛而氣化不行的水泛為腫;下元虛冷,衝任失調,崩漏不止,帶下清稀等証。阳得阴助,生化無穷。(温里、补肝腎、补益脾肺之氣、益精血) 性多温燥,易助火傷阴,故阴虛火旺不宜用。
补血 多甘温或甘平,質地滋潤,补肝養心或益脾,滋生血液為主,兼滋養肝腎。 心肝血虛致面色萎黃、唇爪蒼白、眩暈耳鳴、心悸怔忡、失眠健忘、月經愆期,量少色淡,經閉,脉細弱。兼見氣虛(补氣),兼見阴虛(补阴、补血兼补阴的阿胶熟地桑椹),脾運化功能衰弱(健運脾胃)。 多滋膩粘滯,妨礙運化。凡濕滯脾胃,脘腹脹滿,食少便溏慎用。必要時可配伍健脾消食藥以助運化。
补阴 大多甘寒或偏涼質潤,补阴、滋液、潤燥。甘寒養阴。清除阴虛不足之熱。 主阴虛液亏之証。阴虛多熱尤宜。熱病后期及若干慢性疾病,肺、胃及肝、腎阴虛。补胃阴(补肺阴),补腎阴(补肝阴)。熱邪傷阴而邪熱未盡(清熱),阴虛內熱(清熱藥),阴虛阳亢(潜阳),阴虛動風(息風),阴血俱虛(补血)。阴有所化,借阳通運,制阴藥凝滯。(补阳) 甘寒滋膩。凡脾胃虛弱,痰濕內阻,腹滿便溏不宜用。
收澀藥 主收斂固澀。澀可固脫。脫則散而不收,斂其耗散。多酸澀,性温或平,主入肺、脾、腎、大腸經。固表止汗、斂肺止咳、澀腸止瀉、固精縮尿、收斂止血、止帶。收斂固澀斂其耗散,固其滑脫。 久病體虛,正氣不固、脏胕功能衰退致自汗、盜汗、久咳虛喘、久瀉、久痢、遺精、滑精、遺尿、尿頻、崩帶不止等滑脫不禁病証。滑脫証。(补益)氣虛自汗、阴虛盜汗(补氣、补阴)、脾腎阳虛之久瀉、久痢,(温补脾腎)腎上虛遺精、滑精、遺尿、尿頻,(补腎);衝任不固,崩漏下血,(补肝腎,固衝任)肺腎虛損,久咳虛喘。(补肺益腎納氣) 性澀斂邪,故凡表邪表解,濕熱所致之瀉痢、帶下、血熱出血,郁熱未清者,均不宜用。誤用閉門留寇。但有些兼有清濕熱,解毒等功效叧當別論。
固表止汗 行肌表,調節卫分,固護腠理,固表斂汗。 氣虛肌表不固,腠理疏松,津液外泄而自汗;阴虛不能制阳,阳熱迫津外泄而盜汗。肺脾氣虛,卫阳不固,腠理不密,津液外泄的自汗証(补氣固表)及肺腎阴虛,阴虛則生內熱,熱迫津外泄的盜汗証(滋阴除蒸)。 實邪汗出,袪邪為主,非宜。
斂肺澀腸 酸澀收斂,主入肺經或大腸經。斂肺止咳喘和澀腸止瀉痢。 肺虛喘咳,久治不愈和肺腎兩虛,攝納無权的肺腎虛喘証;(补肺益氣或补腎納氣)大腸虛寒不能固攝和脾腎虛寒所致久瀉、久痢,若兼脾腎阳虛(温补脾腎),兼氣虛下陷(补氣升提),兼脾胃氣虛(补益脾胃)。 酸澀收斂。屬斂肺止咳之品,痰多壅肺所致咳喘不宜用;屬澀腸止瀉之品,瀉痢初起,邪氣方盛,或傷食腹瀉不宜用。
固精縮尿止帶 酸澀收斂,主入腎、膀胱經。固精、縮尿、止帶。某些兼有补腎。 腎虛不固,膀胱失約所致遺精、滑精、遺尿、尿頻、帶下等証。(补腎) 酸澀收斂,對外邪內侵,濕熱下注所致遺精尿頻不宜用。
涌吐藥 主誘發嘔吐。多酸苦,涌吐毒物、宿食、痰涎。其高者,因而越之。在上者涌之。 誤食毒物,停留胃中,未被吸收;或宿食停滯不化,尚未入腸,脘部脹痛;或痰涎壅盛,阻于胸膈或咽喉,呼吸喘促;癲癇發狂等証。 作用强烈,大都有毒性,易損傷正氣。只適用于氣壯邪實之証,對體質虛弱,或老人、小兒、婦女胎前產后,素患失血、頭暈、心悸、勞嗽喘咳等均忌用。宜小量漸增,防其中毒或涌吐太過,服后宜多飲熱開水助藥力,或用翎毛探喉助涌吐;若嘔吐不止,當采取措施及時解救。只可暫投,中病則止,不可連服久服。吐后當休息,不宜馬上進食,恢复后再飲流質或食易消化食物,以養胃氣。
解毒殺虫燥濕止痒藥 主解毒疗瘡,攻毒殺虫,燥濕止痒。外用為主,兼可內服。 疥癬、濕疹、痈瘡疔毒、麻風、梅毒、毒蛇咬傷等。 研末外撒;香油及茶水調敷;制軟膏涂抹;藥捻、栓劑栓塞;煎湯洗漬及熱敷。宜作丸劑,慢慢溶解吸收。大都具不同程度毒性,外用內用均嚴格控制用量,不宜過量或持續服用。
拔毒化腐生肌藥 主拔毒化腐,生肌斂瘡。多為礦石重金屬,多具毒性,外用為主。 痈疽瘡瘍潰后膿出不暢,或潰后腐肉不去,傷口難以生肌愈合之証。目赤腫痛、目生翳膜(某些兼解毒明目退翳)。 研末外撒;研末香油調敷;制成膏藥貼敷;制成眼藥點眼,用開水溶化后洗眼疾。多具劇毒,嚴格控制劑量用法。不宜過量和持續使用。特別重金屬類劇毒藥物,如升藥、輕粉、砒石,不宜在頭面部使用。
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